1 I would like to thank Erik Lindberg of Uppsala University for valuable comments during the writing of this chapter and Maria Ågren of Uppsala University for fruitful discussions and advice.
» 2 A. L. Beier, ‘“A New Serfdom”: Labor Laws, Vagrancy Statutes, and Labor Discipline in England, 1350–1800’, in A. L. Beier and P. Ocoboc (eds),
Cast Out: Vagrancy and Homelessness in Global and Historical Perspective (Athens, GA, 2008), p. 35.
» 3 C. Lis and H. Soly,
Worthy Efforts: Attitudes to Work and Workers in Pre-Industrial Europe (Leiden, 2012), p. 435.
» 4 D. Hay and P. Craven, ‘Introduction’, in D. Hay and P. Craven (eds),
Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955 (Chapel Hill, 2004), p. 1; A. Wood, ‘Subordination, Solidarity, and the Limits of Popular Agency in a Yorkshire Valley, c.1596–1615’,
Past and Present, 193 (2006), 20.
» 5 Hay and Craven, ‘Introduction’, pp. 33–5; Lis and Soly,
Worthy Efforts, p. 435.
» 6 Lis and Soly,
Worthy Efforts, p. 444.
» 7 Beier, ‘A New Serfdom’, p. 56; cf. J. Bennett, ‘Compulsory Service in Late Medieval England’,
Past and Present, 209 (2010), 9. For an exception, see J. Whittle,
The Development of Agrarian Capitalism: Land and Labour in Norfolk 1440–1580 (Oxford, 2000).
» 8 By the nineteenth century, the concepts of legal protection and ‘vagrancy’ had ‘been united’. See A. Snare,
Work, War, Prison, and Welfare: Control of the Laboring Poor in Sweden (Ann Arbor, 1977), p. 131.
» 9 When used on their own, ‘vagrancy’ and ‘vagrants’ are, in this chapter, placed within quotation marks to signal that these terms are derogatory or judicial constructions rather than meaningful descriptions of people’s behaviour; cf. A. Winter, ‘Vagrancy as an Adaptive Strategy: The Duchy of Brabant, 1767–1776’,
International Review of Social History, 49 (2004), 249–77.
» 10 A. L. Beier,
Masterless Men. The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560–1640 (London, 1985), pp. 3–4.
» 11 N. Rogers, ‘Policing the Poor in Eighteenth-Century London: The Vagrancy Laws and Their Administration’,
Social History, 24 (1991), 127–47; Winter, ‘Vagrancy’; P. Fumerton,
Unsettled: The Culture of Mobility and the Working Poor in Early Modern England (Chicago, 2006); T. Hitchcock, A. Crymble and L. Falcini, ‘Loose, Idle and Disorderly: Vagrant Removal in Late Eighteenth-Century Middlesex’,
Social History, 39:4 (2014), 509–27.
» 12 Winter, ‘Vagrancy’, 249–50.
» 13 Few systematic studies exist on the legal sanctions in relation to compulsory service before the 1850s. For an important analysis of the legislation and coercive measures, see Snare,
Work. See also A. Montgomery,
Svensk socialpolitik under 1800-talet (1951); V. Helgesson, ‘Kontroll av underklassen. Försvarslöshetsfrågan 1825–53’, in I. Hammarström (ed.),
Ideologi och socialpolitik i 1800-talets Sverige (Uppsala, 1978); T. Magnusson,
Det militära proletariatet: Studier kring den värvade armén, arbetsmarknadens kommersialisering och urbaniseringen i frihetstidens västsvenska samhälle (Gothenburg, 2005); Y. Svanström,
Policing Public Women: The Regulation of Prostitution in Stockholm 1812–1880 (Stockholm, 2000); and T. Johnsson,
Vårt fredliga samhälle: ‘Lösdriveri’ och försvarslöshet i Sverige under 1830-talet (Uppsala, 2016).
» 14 For example, G. Hammarskjöld,
Om lösdrifvare och deras behandling, företrädesvis enligt svensk lag (Lund, 1866); A. O. Winroth,
Om tjenstehjonsförhållandet enligt svensk rätt (Uppsala, 1878); B. Harnesk,
Legofolk: Drängar, pigor och bönder i 1700- och 1800-talens Sverige (Umeå, 1990); M. Kumlien,
Continuity and Contract: Historical Perspectives on the Employee’s Duty of Obedience in Swedish Labour Law (Stockholm, 2004). Legal scholars have shown great interest in the status crime of ‘vagrancy’ in Sweden as elsewhere.
» 15 G. Utterström,
Jordbrukets arbetare: Levnadsvillkor och arbetsliv på landsbygden från frihetstiden till mitten av 1800-talet. Vol. 1 (Stockholm, 1957), p. 327.
» 16 Cf. E. Österberg, ‘Vardagens sträva samförstånd: Bondepolitik i den svenska modellen från vasatid till frihetstid’, in G. Broberg, U. Wikander and K. Åmark (eds),
Tänka, tycka, tro: Svensk historia underifrån (Stockholm, 1993), p. 144.
» 17 For a similar perspective see Snare,
Work.
» 18 Bennett, ‘Compulsory Service’, 12.
» 19 C. Livijn,
Promemoria angående Sveriges försvarslöshetssystem (Stockholm, 1844). Cf. Snare,
Work.
» 20 A. Eccles,
Vagrancy in Law and Practice under the Old Poor Law (Abingdon, 2012), p. 139; Johnsson,
Vårt fredliga, p. 35.
» 21 Recent studies on ‘vagrancy’ in England have emphasised the local variations in definitions of ‘vagrancy’. See Bennett, ‘Compulsory Service’, 12; Eccles,
Vagrancy; C. Mansell, ‘Female Service and the Village Community in South-West England, 1550–1650: The Labour Laws Reconsidered’, in Jane Whittle (ed.),
Servants in Rural Europe 1400–1900 (Woodbridge, 2017), p. 80.
» 22 The chapter builds on parts of Johnsson,
Vårt fredliga, chapters 2–3.
» 23 For details, see appendices 1–3 in Johnsson,
Vårt fredliga.
» 24 Cf. Lis and Soly,
Worthy Efforts, p. 436.
» 25 Snare,
Work, p. 131.
»