Defining FGM/C
FGM, or FGM/C, is defined by the WHO as: ‘all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.’
The WHO describes four broad types summarised as:
Type 1: The partial or total removal of the clitoral glans and clitoral hood.
Type 2: The partial or total removal of the clitoral glans, clitoral hood, and labia minora.
Type 3: Infibulation – narrowing of the vaginal opening by the partial or complete removal of the clitoral glans, labia minora and majora. The wound is then sealed, usually with stitches, sometimes with thorns, or bound and left to heal naturally.
Type 4: All other harmful procedures to the external female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g., pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, cauterising the genital area, or forcibly enlarging the vaginal opening.
Each type can be divided into sub-categories. This typology provides a useful framework within which to discuss and compare the wide range of practices. However, it is also contested.
Firstly, most people would agree that Types 2 and 3 can be indisputably defined as FGM/C, causing visible harm which often poses significant short- and long-term health risks. However, some argue that forms of Types 1 and 4, e.g., a single prick or piercing of the clitoral skin, which may result in no visible harm, should not be defined as FGM/C. In communities where Types 2 and 3 predominate, it is not uncommon for individuals to campaign vehemently against FGM/C while openly taking their daughters to a health clinic to undergo Type 1 or 4.
Secondly, elective genital cosmetic surgery also involves injury to the genitalia, yet is not included within these WHO definitions. There is growing contention over this apparent discrepancy. The WHO plans to revise its classification to reflect the changing situation.